/* Palmer Lab — the original site's spirit, refined.
   Layout: slim header with a lowercase wordmark; full-width black-and-white photo band per page
   with a lowercase title; a single 760px reading column beneath; generous white space.
   Deliberately one light theme: white paper, graphite ink, black-and-white photographs. */
:root{
  --paper:#FFFFFF;
  --mist:#F4F4F2;        /* quiet panels */
  --ink:#1C1C1B;         /* headings */
  --text:#3B3B39;        /* body */
  --muted:#5E5E5A;       /* captions, meta */
  --hair:#E3E3DF;        /* hairlines */
  --accent:#4E5B3F;      /* deep acacia green, used sparingly for links */
  --on-photo:#FFFFFF;
  --display:"Jost","Futura","Avenir Next","Helvetica Neue",Arial,sans-serif;
  --body:"Source Sans 3","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;
  --col:760px;
  --wide:1180px;
  color-scheme:light;
}
*{box-sizing:border-box}
[hidden]{display:none!important}
html{-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;scroll-behavior:smooth}
body{margin:0;background:var(--paper);color:var(--text);font-family:var(--body);font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.7;font-weight:400;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}
img{max-width:100%;height:auto;display:block}
a{color:var(--accent);text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:color-mix(in srgb,var(--accent) 35%,transparent);text-underline-offset:3px;text-decoration-thickness:1px;transition:text-decoration-color .15s}
a:hover{text-decoration-color:var(--accent)}
a:focus-visible,button:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--accent);outline-offset:3px;border-radius:2px}
b,strong{color:var(--ink);font-weight:600}
p{margin:0 0 1.1em}
.wrap{max-width:var(--wide);margin:0 auto;padding-left:max(24px,env(safe-area-inset-left,0px));padding-right:max(24px,env(safe-area-inset-right,0px))}
main.wrap{max-width:calc(var(--col) + 48px);padding-block:56px 40px}

/* header */
.site-head{position:sticky;top:env(safe-area-inset-top,0px);z-index:20;background:rgba(255,255,255,.94);backdrop-filter:saturate(1.2) blur(8px);border-bottom:1px solid var(--hair)}
body::before{content:"";position:fixed;inset:0 0 auto;height:env(safe-area-inset-top,0px);z-index:21;background:var(--paper)}
.head-row{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:24px;padding-block:16px}
.brand{font-family:var(--display);font-weight:400;font-size:1.35rem;letter-spacing:.04em;color:var(--ink);text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap}
.nav{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:4px 26px;font-family:var(--display);font-size:.95rem;letter-spacing:.03em}
.nav a{color:var(--text);text-decoration:none;padding:4px 0;border-bottom:1px solid transparent}
.nav a:hover{color:var(--ink);border-bottom-color:var(--hair)}
.nav a[aria-current="page"]{color:var(--ink);border-bottom-color:var(--ink)}
.menu-btn{display:none;font-family:var(--display);font-size:.95rem;letter-spacing:.04em;background:none;border:1px solid var(--hair);color:var(--ink);padding:6px 14px;border-radius:999px;cursor:pointer}
@media (max-width:900px){
  .menu-btn{display:block}
  .site-head nav{position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:100%}
  .nav{display:none;flex-direction:column;gap:0;background:var(--paper);border-bottom:1px solid var(--hair);padding:8px max(24px,env(safe-area-inset-right,0px)) 18px max(24px,env(safe-area-inset-left,0px))}
  .nav.open{display:flex}
  .nav a{display:block;padding:11px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--hair)}
}

/* photo bands */
.band{position:relative;background:#222}
.band img{width:100%;height:clamp(200px,30vw,400px);object-fit:cover}
.band.tall img{height:clamp(320px,50vw,620px)}
.band-cap{position:absolute;inset:auto 0 0 0;background:linear-gradient(to top,rgba(0,0,0,.55),rgba(0,0,0,.18) 60%,rgba(0,0,0,0));color:var(--on-photo)}
.band-cap .wrap{padding-block:80px 30px}
.band h1{margin:0;font-family:var(--display);font-weight:300;font-size:clamp(2.2rem,5.4vw,4rem);line-height:1.05;letter-spacing:.01em;color:var(--on-photo);text-wrap:balance}
.band.tall .band-cap{background:linear-gradient(to top,rgba(0,0,0,.62),rgba(0,0,0,.3) 55%,rgba(0,0,0,0))}
.band .eyebrow,.band-sub,.band h1{text-shadow:0 1px 12px rgba(0,0,0,.25)}
.band.tall h1{font-size:clamp(2.8rem,7.5vw,5.6rem)}
.band .eyebrow{color:rgba(255,255,255,.85);margin-bottom:12px}
.band-sub{margin:12px 0 0;font-size:clamp(1rem,1.8vw,1.2rem);font-weight:400;color:rgba(255,255,255,.92);max-width:44ch}

/* type */
h2{font-family:var(--display);font-weight:400;font-size:1.65rem;line-height:1.2;color:var(--ink);margin:0 0 .7em;letter-spacing:.005em;text-wrap:balance}
.eyebrow{font-family:var(--display);font-size:.78rem;font-weight:500;letter-spacing:.16em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--muted);margin:0 0 10px}
.lede{font-size:1.32rem;line-height:1.55;color:var(--ink);font-weight:400}
.more{font-family:var(--display);font-size:.95rem;letter-spacing:.04em;text-decoration:none;color:var(--ink);border-bottom:1px solid var(--ink);padding-bottom:2px}
.more::after{content:" →"}
.small{font-size:.97rem}
.section{margin-top:64px}
.body h2{margin-top:56px}
.body > :first-child{margin-top:0}

/* home */
main.wrap:has(.intro){max-width:calc(1040px + 48px)}
.intro{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1.7fr) minmax(0,1fr);gap:56px;align-items:start}
.intro-text{max-width:var(--col)}
.card{background:var(--mist);padding:26px 28px;font-size:.98rem;line-height:1.6}
.card p{margin:0 0 .8em}.card p:last-child{margin:0}
.strip{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(5,minmax(0,1fr));gap:10px;margin-top:64px}
.strip img{width:100%;aspect-ratio:1;object-fit:cover}
main.wrap:has(.intro) .section{max-width:var(--col)}
@media (max-width:800px){.intro{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);gap:32px}.strip{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr))}.strip img:nth-child(n+4){display:none}}

/* publications */
.publist,.year ol{list-style:none;margin:0 0 1.5em;padding:0;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:18px}
.pub{font-size:.98rem;line-height:1.6;color:var(--text)}
.pub .me{color:var(--ink);font-weight:600}
.pub .t{color:var(--ink)}
.pub .links{display:inline-flex;gap:8px;margin-left:8px;vertical-align:1px}
.pub .links a{font-family:var(--display);font-size:.72rem;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none;color:var(--muted);border:1px solid var(--hair);padding:1px 7px 0;border-radius:999px;transition:color .15s,border-color .15s}
.pub .links a:hover{color:var(--ink);border-color:var(--ink)}
.pub .note{display:block;color:var(--muted);font-style:italic;font-size:.9rem;margin-top:2px}
.pubtools{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px 18px;align-items:center;margin:8px 0 34px}
.pubtools .label{font-family:var(--display);font-size:.78rem;letter-spacing:.16em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--muted)}
.pubtools input{font:inherit;font-size:1rem;padding:10px 16px;border:1px solid var(--hair);background:var(--paper);color:var(--ink);border-radius:999px;width:min(100%,360px)}
.pubtools input:focus{outline:none;border-color:var(--ink)}
.pubtools .count{font-size:.85rem;color:var(--muted)}
.year{display:grid;grid-template-columns:80px minmax(0,1fr);gap:24px;border-top:1px solid var(--hair);padding-top:22px;margin-top:4px}
.year>h2{font-family:var(--display);font-weight:300;font-size:1.5rem;color:var(--ink);margin:0;line-height:1.1;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}
@media (max-width:600px){.year{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);gap:10px}}

/* research */
.intro-one{margin-bottom:8px}
.species{font-size:.95rem;color:var(--muted)}
.index{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:2px 32px;margin:36px 0 8px;border-top:1px solid var(--hair)}
.index a{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:16px;padding:14px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--hair);text-decoration:none;color:var(--ink);font-family:var(--display);font-size:1.02rem;line-height:1.3}
.index a:hover span{color:var(--accent)}
.index img{width:64px;height:64px;object-fit:cover;flex:none;filter:grayscale(1)}
.index small{display:block;font-size:.7rem;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--muted);margin-bottom:3px}
@media (max-width:640px){.index{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr)}}
.project{margin-top:64px;scroll-margin-top:96px}
.project h2{margin:0 0 6px}
.project .meta{font-family:var(--display);font-size:.8rem;letter-spacing:.1em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--muted);margin:0 0 18px}
.project .back{font-family:var(--display);font-size:.85rem;letter-spacing:.04em;margin-top:6px}
.project .back a{color:var(--muted);text-decoration:none}
.project .back a::before{content:"↑ "}
.nsf{margin-top:64px;padding-top:24px;border-top:1px solid var(--hair);color:var(--muted);font-size:.95rem}

/* people */
.body h2:is(h2){font-size:1.4rem}
.person{display:flex;gap:24px;align-items:flex-start;margin:0 0 28px}
.person img{width:104px;height:104px;object-fit:cover;flex:none;border-radius:50%;filter:grayscale(1) contrast(1.05)}
.person p{flex:1;min-width:0;margin:0}
@media (max-width:520px){.person{gap:16px}.person img{width:76px;height:76px}}

/* media */
.press{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}
.press li{display:grid;grid-template-columns:80px minmax(0,1fr);gap:24px;padding-block:20px;border-top:1px solid var(--hair)}
.press .yr{font-family:var(--display);font-weight:300;font-size:1.5rem;color:var(--ink);line-height:1.1;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}
@media (max-width:600px){.press li{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);gap:6px}}

/* field school */
.facts{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,minmax(0,1fr));gap:20px;margin:28px 0 40px;padding:22px 0;border-block:1px solid var(--hair)}
.facts div{font-size:.98rem;color:var(--ink)}
.facts b{display:block;font-family:var(--display);font-weight:500;font-size:.72rem;letter-spacing:.16em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--muted);margin-bottom:6px}
@media (max-width:700px){.facts{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}}
details{border-top:1px solid var(--hair);padding-block:16px}
details:last-of-type{border-bottom:1px solid var(--hair)}
summary{cursor:pointer;font-family:var(--display);font-size:1.08rem;color:var(--ink);list-style:none;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:16px}
summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}
summary::after{content:"+";color:var(--muted);font-weight:300}
details[open] summary::after{content:"–"}
details p{margin:.8em 0 0}

/* photos */
main.wrap:has(.gallery){max-width:calc(var(--wide) + 48px)}
main.wrap:has(.gallery) > .body > p{max-width:var(--col)}
.gallery{columns:4 220px;column-gap:14px;margin-top:28px}
.gallery figure{margin:0 0 22px;break-inside:avoid}
.gallery a{display:block;overflow:hidden}
.gallery img{width:100%;transition:transform .4s ease}
.gallery a:hover img{transform:scale(1.025)}
.gallery figcaption{font-size:.86rem;line-height:1.45;color:var(--muted);padding-top:8px}
.lightbox{position:fixed;inset:0;z-index:50;background:rgba(14,14,13,.95);display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:14px;padding:max(20px,env(safe-area-inset-top,0px)) max(20px,env(safe-area-inset-right,0px)) max(20px,env(safe-area-inset-bottom,0px)) max(20px,env(safe-area-inset-left,0px))}
.lightbox img{max-height:82vh;max-width:100%;object-fit:contain}
.lightbox p{color:#E8E8E4;margin:0;font-size:.98rem;text-align:center;max-width:60ch}
.lightbox button{position:absolute;top:max(18px,env(safe-area-inset-top,0px));right:max(18px,env(safe-area-inset-right,0px));font-family:var(--display);letter-spacing:.06em;background:none;border:1px solid #6d6d68;color:#EEE;padding:6px 16px;border-radius:999px;cursor:pointer}

ol,ul{padding-left:1.2em}
li{margin-bottom:.3em}

/* footer */
.site-foot{background:var(--mist);margin-top:72px;font-size:.92rem;color:var(--muted)}
.foot-row{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:space-between;gap:20px 48px;padding-block:40px 48px}
.foot-row p{margin:0 0 .5em}
.foot-name{font-family:var(--display);font-size:1.05rem;letter-spacing:.04em;color:var(--ink)}
.site-foot a{color:var(--text)}
@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){html{scroll-behavior:auto}*{transition:none!important}}

/* black-and-white photos that bloom into color */
.tint{filter:grayscale(1) contrast(1.04);transition:filter .7s ease,transform .7s ease}
.strip{overflow:visible}
.strip img.tint:hover,.index a:hover .tint,.index a:focus-visible .tint,.tint.in-view{filter:grayscale(0) contrast(1)}
.strip img.tint:hover{transform:scale(1.03)}
.index img.tint{filter:grayscale(1)}
.index a:hover img.tint,.index a:focus-visible img.tint,.index img.tint.in-view{filter:grayscale(0)}

/* publication topic chips */
.topics{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin:6px 0 18px}
.chip{font-family:var(--display);font-size:.88rem;letter-spacing:.02em;color:var(--text);background:var(--paper);border:1px solid var(--hair);border-radius:999px;padding:7px 14px;cursor:pointer;transition:background .2s,color .2s,border-color .2s}
.chip span{color:var(--muted);font-size:.8em;margin-left:4px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;transition:color .2s}
.chip:hover{border-color:var(--ink);color:var(--ink)}
.chip[aria-pressed="true"]{background:var(--ink);border-color:var(--ink);color:var(--paper)}
.chip[aria-pressed="true"] span{color:rgba(255,255,255,.65)}
.pub.enter{animation:pubIn .4s ease both}
@keyframes pubIn{from{opacity:0;transform:translateY(6px)}to{opacity:1;transform:none}}
::view-transition-old(root),::view-transition-new(root){animation-duration:.35s}
@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.tint,.chip{transition:none}.pub.enter{animation:none}}

/* ---- kinetic (home page trial) ---- */
/* title fades up on load */
.kinetic .band{overflow:hidden}
.kinetic .band-cap .wrap>*{animation:capIn 1.1s cubic-bezier(.2,.7,.2,1) both}
.kinetic .band-cap .eyebrow{animation-delay:.15s}
.kinetic .band h1{animation-delay:.3s}
.kinetic .band-sub{animation-delay:.55s}
@keyframes capIn{from{opacity:0;transform:translateY(14px)}to{opacity:1;transform:none}}
/* 3. content rises into place as it scrolls into view (only things below the first screen start hidden) */
.kinetic .pre{opacity:0;transform:translateY(22px)}
.kinetic .reveal{transition:opacity .9s cubic-bezier(.2,.7,.2,1) var(--d,0s),transform .9s cubic-bezier(.2,.7,.2,1) var(--d,0s),filter .7s ease 0s}
@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){
  .kinetic .band-cap .wrap>*{animation:none}
  .kinetic .pre{opacity:1;transform:none}
}

/* hero: black-and-white that fills in with color once, plus a museum-style caption */
.photo-cap{position:absolute;right:max(20px,env(safe-area-inset-right,0px));bottom:14px;z-index:2;margin:0;font-family:var(--display);font-size:.74rem;letter-spacing:.08em;color:rgba(255,255,255,.78);text-shadow:0 1px 6px rgba(0,0,0,.4)}
.kinetic .photo-cap{animation:capIn 1.2s ease .8s both}
@media (max-width:700px){.photo-cap{top:10px;bottom:auto;right:14px;left:14px;text-align:right;font-size:.66rem}}
@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.kinetic .photo-cap{animation:none}}

/* research → publications links */
.readmore{margin:18px 0 6px}
.readmore a{display:inline-flex;align-items:baseline;gap:8px;font-family:var(--display);font-size:1rem;letter-spacing:.02em;color:var(--ink);text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid var(--ink);padding-bottom:2px;transition:color .2s,border-color .2s}
.readmore a span{color:var(--muted);font-size:.78rem;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase}
.readmore a::after{content:"→";transition:transform .2s}
.readmore a:hover{color:var(--accent);border-color:var(--accent)}
.readmore a:hover::after{transform:translateX(3px)}
.projnote{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;gap:8px 16px;background:var(--mist);padding:14px 18px;margin:0 0 18px;font-size:.98rem;color:var(--ink)}
.projnote button{font-family:var(--display);font-size:.88rem;letter-spacing:.02em;background:var(--paper);border:1px solid var(--hair);border-radius:999px;padding:6px 14px;color:var(--ink);cursor:pointer}
.projnote button:hover{border-color:var(--ink)}

/* banners: black and white at rest, full color while hovered */
.band img{filter:grayscale(1) contrast(1.05);transition:filter .9s ease}
.band:hover img{filter:grayscale(0) contrast(1)}
@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.band img{transition:none}}

/* splash page title in bold */
.kinetic .band h1{font-weight:600;letter-spacing:0}

/* research summaries: questions / learned / why it matters — three columns */
.project:has(.qlw){max-width:none}
main.wrap:has(.qlw){max-width:calc(1040px + 48px)}
main.wrap:has(.qlw) .project > :not(.qlw),main.wrap:has(.qlw) .nsf{max-width:var(--col)}
.qlw{margin:6px 0 0;display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr));gap:28px;font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6}
.qlw>div{border-top:2px solid var(--ink);padding-top:12px}
.qlw dt{font-family:var(--display);font-size:.72rem;font-weight:500;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--muted);margin:0 0 8px}
.qlw dd{margin:0}
@media (max-width:820px){.qlw{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);gap:18px}}

/* findings linked to papers */
.finding{color:inherit;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-style:dotted;text-decoration-color:var(--muted);text-underline-offset:4px}
.finding:hover{color:var(--accent);text-decoration-style:solid;text-decoration-color:var(--accent)}
.pub{scroll-margin-top:110px}
.pub:target{background:#EEF1E6;box-shadow:0 0 0 10px #EEF1E6;border-radius:4px;animation:pubIn2 .6s ease both}
@keyframes pubIn2{from{background:transparent;box-shadow:0 0 0 10px transparent}to{background:#EEF1E6;box-shadow:0 0 0 10px #EEF1E6}}
@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.pub:target{animation:none}}

/* phones: topic buttons in one swipeable row; photos in two columns */
@media (max-width:600px){
  .topics{flex-wrap:nowrap;overflow-x:auto;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;scrollbar-width:none;margin-left:calc(-1*max(24px,env(safe-area-inset-left,0px)));margin-right:calc(-1*max(24px,env(safe-area-inset-right,0px)));padding:2px max(24px,env(safe-area-inset-right,0px)) 6px max(24px,env(safe-area-inset-left,0px));scroll-snap-type:x proximity}
  .topics::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none}
  .chip{flex:none;scroll-snap-align:start}
  .gallery{columns:2;column-gap:10px}
  .gallery figure{margin-bottom:14px}
  .gallery figcaption{font-size:.78rem}
}

/* research page: intro and project tiles span the same width as the project summaries */
main.wrap:has(.qlw) .intro-one{max-width:none}
main.wrap:has(.qlw) .intro-one .lede{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.45;max-width:none}
main.wrap:has(.qlw) .intro-one p:not(.lede){font-size:1.08rem;max-width:none}
main.wrap:has(.qlw) .index{grid-template-columns:repeat(4,minmax(0,1fr));gap:36px 28px;border-top:0;margin:44px 0 12px}
main.wrap:has(.qlw) .index a{flex-direction:column;align-items:stretch;gap:12px;padding:0;border-bottom:0;font-size:1.1rem}
main.wrap:has(.qlw) .index img{width:100%;height:auto;aspect-ratio:4/3}
@media (max-width:900px){main.wrap:has(.qlw) .index{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}}
@media (max-width:600px){main.wrap:has(.qlw) .intro-one .lede{font-size:1.25rem}main.wrap:has(.qlw) .index{gap:24px 14px}main.wrap:has(.qlw) .index a{font-size:.98rem}}

/* accessibility */
.vh{position:absolute!important;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0 0 0 0);white-space:nowrap;border:0}
.skip{position:absolute;left:12px;top:-60px;z-index:1000;background:var(--ink);color:#fff;padding:10px 16px;border-radius:4px;font-family:var(--display);text-decoration:none}
.skip:focus{top:12px}
main:focus{outline:none}
.chip:focus-visible,.pubtools input:focus-visible,.menu-btn:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--accent);outline-offset:3px}
.band-cap a:focus-visible,.lightbox button:focus-visible{outline-color:#fff}
/* stronger shade behind banner text so it stays readable over any photo */
.band-cap{background:linear-gradient(to top,rgba(0,0,0,.68),rgba(0,0,0,.32) 60%,rgba(0,0,0,0))}
.band.tall .band-cap{background:linear-gradient(to top,rgba(0,0,0,.68),rgba(0,0,0,.36) 55%,rgba(0,0,0,0))}
.band h1,.band-sub,.band .eyebrow{text-shadow:0 1px 14px rgba(0,0,0,.45)}

/* publications: per-paper summary */
.sumbtn{font-family:var(--display);font-size:.72rem;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;background:none;border:1px solid var(--hair);border-radius:999px;padding:1px 7px 0;color:var(--muted);cursor:pointer;line-height:inherit;transition:color .15s,border-color .15s,background .15s}
.sumbtn:hover{color:var(--ink);border-color:var(--ink)}
.sumbtn[aria-expanded="true"]{background:var(--ink);color:#fff;border-color:var(--ink)}
.sumbtn::after{content:" +"}
.sumbtn[aria-expanded="true"]::after{content:" \2013"}
.psum{margin:10px 0 4px;padding:12px 16px;border-left:3px solid var(--accent);background:#F4F5EF;font-size:.93rem;line-height:1.6;border-radius:0 4px 4px 0}
.psum p{margin:0}

/* touch screens (phones, tablets): show every photo in full color */
@media (hover: none){
  .tint,.index img,.index img.tint,.person img,.band img,.gallery img{filter:none!important}
}